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4. Perception: It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organising sensory information.
5. Linguistic Intelligence: It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal and
written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.

Types of Intelligence
Howard Gardner, a psychologist and professor at Harvard
University, proposed his theory of multiple intelligences in
1983 in his book ‘Frames of Mind’. According to Gardner,
human intelligence can be one of the following nine types:
1. Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence: This type of intelligence
deals with well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity
to the sounds, meanings, and rhythms of words. It
develops skills, such as listening, speaking, writing, and
teaching.
2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: This type of
intelligence deals with the ability to think conceptually
and abstractly, and the capacity to identify logical or
numerical patterns. It develops practical skills, such as problem solving (logical & mathematical)
and performing experiments.
3. Musical Intelligence: This type of intelligence deals with the ability to produce and appreciate
rhythm, pitch, and timber of sounds. It develops musical skills, such as singing, playing instruments,
and composing music.
4. Visual-Spatial Intelligence: This type of intelligence deals with the capacity to think in terms of
images and pictures, to visualise ideas accurately and abstractly. It develops thinking skills, such
as puzzle building, painting, constructing, repairing, and designing objects.
5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: This type of intelligence deals with the ability to control one’s
body movements and to handle objects skillfully. It develops skills, such as dancing, playing sports,
performing hands-on experiments, and acting.
6. Interpersonal Intelligence: This type of intelligence deals with the capacity to detect and respond
appropriately to the moods, motivations, and desires of other people. It develops skills, such as
seeing from the perspectives of other people, having empathy, counseling, and cooperating.
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence: This type of intelligence deals with the capacity to be self-aware and
in tune with one’s inner feelings, values, beliefs, and thinking processes. It develops skills, such as
the ability to recognise one’s self-worth, reflect on one’s actions and thoughts, and be aware of
one’s inner feelings.
8. Naturalist Intelligence: This type of intelligence deals with the ability to recognise and categorise
plants, animals, and other objects in nature. It develops skills, such as recognise one’s connection
to nature, and apply theories of science to life.
9. Existential Intelligence: This type of intelligence deals with sensitivity and the capacity to tackle deep
questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get
here. It develops skills, such as reflective and deep thinking, and thinking about abstract theories.
Not all humans are equally proficient in all types of intelligence. Some may have strong interpersonal
skills but may lack musical intelligence. Thus, humans tend to be different not only in the type of
intelligence they possess, but also in the degree of the intelligence possessed.

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