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Formulas and
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Functions in Excel 2016

Pre-Processing
Pre-Processing
• Formula • Entering a Formula
• Entering Cell References • Precedence of Operators in a Formula
• Using Cell Referencing in a Formula • Using Functions in Formulas
• Common Functions in Excel • Writing a Formula Using Insert Function

FORMULA
A Formula is an equation used to perform calculation on the data and produce a result in a worksheet.
A formula always starts with an equal (=) sign, which can be followed by operators, constants, cell
references, and functions. The initial equal sign allows Excel to distinguish a formula from normal text.
• Operators : Operators are the symbols that represent operations to be performed by a
formula, such as +, –, *, or /.
• Constants : Constants are the numbers or text values that can be entered directly into a
formula, such as 2, –13.5, or “Hello”.
• Cell References : Cell References are the Cell addresses that contain values to be used in a formula,
such as A1. The reference of the Active cell is displayed in the Name box.
• Functions : Functions are the predefined formulas in Excel, such as Sum, Min, or Max.

The formula in the active cell is displayed in the Formula bar while its result is displayed in the cell.
Some examples of formulas in Excel are:

Formula Description
= 5 * 10 Multiplies the numbers 5 and 10

= B2 + 2 Adds the value in cell B2 and 2

= A3 Displays the value in cell A3
= A1 + A2 Adds the values in cells A1 and A2

Knowledge Discovery Subject Enrichment

A group of consecutive cells in a worksheet is called a Cell Range. A cell range is Starting
referenced by using the addresses of the start cell and the end cell in the range, cell
separated by a colon (:). For example, the range of cells from A1 to A5 is referenced Ending
as A1:A5. cell

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