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Bus Topology
In Bus Topology, all the nodes are connected to a single cable
called the backbone cable or bus. Data is transmitted from one
end to the other through the bus cable. Each node accepts the
data meant for it and uploads the data for transmission to another
node.
Bus topology is easy to install and manage. However, if there are
breaks in the bus, the entire network shuts down.

Ring Topology
In Ring Topology, each node is connected to two other nodes, forming
a closed loop or ring. Data is transmitted through the ring in one
direction only, either ‘clockwise’ or ‘anticlockwise’.
Ring topology is easy to install and manage. However, if only one cable
or device fails, the entire network is rendered inoperable.

Star Topology
In Star Topology, all nodes are connected to a central node, called a
hub. Data is transmitted and received across the network through
the hub.
Star topology is easy to install and maintain, but if the central hub
fails, the entire network becomes unusable.

Mesh Topology
In Mesh Topology, every node is connected to all the other
nodes in the network. This topology is very stable and
efficient. Even if one connection fails, the others remain
intact.
Mesh topology requires long cables and is expensive.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORKING

Some of the advantages of computer networking are:
1. File Sharing: Computer networks allow sharing of files and
databases among a large number of users. Users can easily
access the files stored on various computers in a network.

2. Resource Sharing: Computer networks allow users to share
resources, such as peripherals (printers, scanners, etc.) and
memory.

3. Ease of Communication: Computer networks allow users to
communicate with each other irrespective of their location,
thus reducing the time and distance barriers.

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