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knowledge in form of computer code and distribute it as a program to a large number

of personal computers (PCs). LISP and PROLOG were the main symbolic programming
languages.
Some key achievements of this period are:

• 1980: The robot musician WABOT-2 can converse with a
person, read a normal musical score with its eye (camera)

and play tunes of average difficulty on an electronic
organ. The WABOT-2 can also accompany a person while
listening to the person sing. The WABOT-2 was the first

milestone in developing a personal robot.
• 1983: ID3, an algorithm that generates a decision tree

from a given set of data, is created. ID3 is the precursor to
the C4.5 algorithm used in machine learning and natural
language processing. WABOT-2

Knowledge Discovery Subject Enrichment

The second AI winter occurred between 1987 and 1993. Once again, Investors and
government stopped funding for AI research due to high cost but inefficient results. The
expert system, such as XCON, was not very cost effective.

THE MATURATION YEARS (1993-2011)
In the 1990s and 2010s, AI addressed complex problems, providing solutions that

were found to be useful in different applications, including data mining, industrial
robotics, logistics, business intelligence, banking software, medical diagnosis,
recommendation systems, and search engines. AI researchers began to develop and

use more sophisticated mathematical tools.
• 1995: Kismet, a robot head, was created by
Dr. Cynthia Breazeal at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology as an experiment in affective computing.

Kismet could recognise and simulate emotions.
• 1997: IBM Deep Blue beat the world chess Kismet
champion, Garry Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world

chess champion.
• 2000: Honda developed ASIMO (Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility), a
humanoid robot with the ability to recognise moving objects, postures, gestures,

its surrounding environment, sounds, and faces. It could detect movements

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