Page 117 - Computer - 5

ELIZA chatbot Joseph Weizenbaum
• 1969: Shakey, the first general-purpose mobile robot capable
of reasoning its actions is developed. This project integrated

research in robotics with computer vision and natural language
processing. Shakey did not need to be instructed on each
individual step of a complex process. It was the first physical
robot controlled by artificial intelligence.

SHRDLU, a natural language computer program that allowed Shakey
the user to carry on a conversation with the computer, name collections, and

query the state of a simplified ‘blocks world’ is developed.
The concept of backpropagation, a core element of AI, is conceived. It

essentially allows a neural network to learn from mistakes, allowing AI to be
trained to perform better over time. The idea became popular
in 1986.

• 1973: Ichiro Kato at Tokyo’s Waseda University developed
WABOT-1, the first full-scale anthropomorphic robot. It consisted
of a limb-control system, a vision system, and a conversation

system. The WABOT-1 was able to communicate with a person Ichiro Kato
in Japanese and measure distances and directions to the objects.

Knowledge Discovery Subject Enrichment

The first AI winter occurred between 1974 and 1980. AI winter refers to the time period
where computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of funding from the government
for AI research. It occurred due to unfulfilled promises, vast expectations, financial
difficulties, impossible-to-overcome technological barriers, and limitations of computing
power, memory, and processing speed.

THE GROWTH YEARS (1980-1987)

In the 1980s, the AI paradigm shifted to symbolic AI and the so-called expert systems
or knowledge-based systems. The underlying concept was to convert human expert

115