Page 150 - English Grammar - 8

Dash (—) Hyphen (-) Apostrophe (’)
O O O
Inverted Commas or Quotation Marks (“ ’’)
O
Comma (,)
A comma (,) is used

 to separate a series of words belonging to the same part of speech (nouns, adjectives or
adverbs). For example:
Last winter we visited France, Italy, Switzerland and Germany.
O
 to mark the person being addressed. For example:

Arjun, have you submitted the work?
O
 after an introductory phrase or clause. For example:

Frankly speaking, I do not really care.
O
 before and after words or phrases inserted in between a main clause. For example:
She arrived, unexpectedly, in the middle of the ceremony.
O
 to separate a subordinate clause when it comes before a main clause. For example:
When I saw him, I stopped the car.
O
 before and after words used in apposition to a noun. For example:
Julie, my sister, is a teacher.
O
Full Stop (.)

A full stop (.) indicates that a sentence has come to an end. It is used:
 at the end of a statement. For example:
This is a beautiful flower.
O
He does not know Latin.
O
 at the end of a command. For example:

Pick up those papers.
O
 at the end of a question in reported speech. For example:
He asked me why I was late.
O
 to indicate an abbreviation. For example:
Punctuation Semicolon (;)
a.m., p.m., i.e., e.g., etc.
O

 in website addresses. For example:
www.grambooks.com

O

A semicolon (;) indicates a pause. It is used:
 to talk about two things which belong to the same group or are similar in some way, yet
different. For example:
I like anything sweet; my sister prefers anything salty.
O
 to join two sentences that are about the same thing. For example:
My brother has a red cycle; I have a blue one.
O
148