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 la;qDr O;atu ^=k* ¾ r~ $ j osQ ;ksx ls cuk gSA l~ $ =k dks ^L=k* :i esa fy[kk tkrk gS_ tSlsµ oL=k] 'kL=k] L=kh] vkfnA
 ^½* osQ ;ksx okys 'kCnksa_ tSlsµ o`Q".k] Ñik] o`{k vkfn dk o.kZ&foPNsn dj Li"V mPpkj.k crk;k tk,A ;g le>k;k

tk, fd buesa ^j~* ;k ^j* dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS cfYd ½ dk iz;ksx ek=kk ( `) osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ o`Q".k ¾
o~Q $ ½ ¾ o`QA
o.kks± ,oa 'kCnksa esa ekud iz;ksx

 ^Ä*] ^N*] ^V*] ^M*] ^<*] ^n* ;k ^g* ls cus la;qDrk{kj esa ;fn ;g o.kZ igys vk;k gks rks blesa gy fpg~u yxk fn;k tk,_
tSlsµ n~ $ ; ¾ n~; & fon~;k] V~ $ B ¾ V~B & xV~Bj] M~ $ < ¾ M~< & xM~<kA

 gy fpg~u okys la;qDrk{kj esa ^b* dh ek=kk (f ) gy fpg~u okys o.kZ osQ Bhd ckn lacaf/r O;atu osQ lkFk yxkbZ tk,_
tSlsµ fpV~fB;k¡] xM~fM;k¡] cqn~f/ekuA

 rhu O;atuksa ls cus la;qDrk{kj esa oqQN 'kCn ,sls gSa ftuesa ,d O;atu dk yksi gks x;k gSA ,sls 'kCn nks O;atuksa osQ la;qDrk{kj
osQ :i esa gh fy[ks tk,¡_ tSlsµ egRo] drZO;] ewfrZ] v/ZA
 iape o.kZ (^Ä*] ^×k*] ^.k*] ^u*] ;k ^e*) osQ ckn leku o.kZ osQ 'ks"k pkj o.kks± (^d* ls ^?k*] ^p* ls ^>*] ^V* ls ^<*]
^r* ls ^/*] ^i* ls ^Hk*) esa ls dksbZ o.kZ vk;k gks rks iape o.kZ vuqLokj osQ :i esa gh fy[kk tk,_ tSlsµ MaMk (^M.Mk*
ugha)] canj (^cUnj* ugha)A

 panzfcanq okys 'kCnksa dks vuqLokj osQ lkFk u fy[kk tk,_ tSlsµ lk¡i (u fd ^lkai*)] pk¡n (u fd ^pkan*)A
 laLo`Qr osQ 'kCnksa osQ lkFk folxZ mlh izdkj yxk;k tk, ftl izdkj laLo`Qr osQ 'kCnksa esa yxk gks_ tSlsµ vr%] iqu%] izk;%A
ysfdu] ^N%* vkSj ^nq%[k* dks ozQe'k% ^Ng* vkSj ^nq[k* fy[kk tk,A

 vaxzs”kh osQ oqQN 'kCnksa esa ^vk* vkSj ^vkS* osQ chp dh èofu (vkW) mPpfjr gksrh gSA ,sls 'kCnksa esa vkxr Loj (vkW) dh
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ek=kk (kW) vo'; yxkbZ tk,_ tSlsµ gkWy] ekWy] MkWDVj] dkWyst] ikWosQV] IkqQVckWyA
 oqQN 'kCnksa esa gyar ( ~) dk yksi gks pqdk gS_ tSlsµ Jheku] egku] lu] HkxokuA gyar okys oqQN 'kCn vHkh Hkh izpyu
esa gS_ tSlsµ jktu~ (lacks/u osQ :i esa)] Hkxou~ (lacks/u osQ :i esa) gBkr~] lk{kkr~A

 loZuke 'kCnksa osQ lkFk dkjd osQ ijlxZ feykdj fy[ks tk,¡_ tSlsµ eSaus] rqeus] mlus] vkils] muijA
 ^rd* ^Hkj* ^ek=k* vkSj ^th* tc vU; 'kCnksa osQ ckn vk,¡ rc ;s vyx djosQ fy[ks tk,¡_ tSlsµ vkt rd] thou Hkj] nks
#i;s ek=k] usrk thA

 tc ^ek=k* 'kCn ls lkekfld in cuk gks rc ^ek=k* dks laKk 'kCnksa osQ lkFk feykdj fy[kk tk,_ tSlsµ ekuoek=k] thouek=kA
 O;fDrokpd laKk 'kCnksa osQ ewy :i esa ^Jh* ;k ^th* gks rks mls tksM+dj fy[kk tk,_ tSlsµ Jho`Q".k] f'kokthA ysfdu vknj
osQ fy, uke osQ igys ^Jh* dk iz;ksx i`Fko~Q :i esa gh fd;k tk,_ tSlsµ Jh veu xqIrkA

 iwoZdkfyd fØ;k esa ^dj* dk iz;ksx fØ;k osQ lkFk fd;k tk,_ tSlsµ i<+ $ dj ¾ i<+dj] [kk $ dj ¾ [kkdjA
 fozQ;k osQ lkFk ^okyk*] ^okyh* ;k ^okys* vyx gh fy[kk tk,_ tSlsµ vkus okyk] tkus okyh] ns[kus okysA ^okyk*] ^okyh* ;k
^okys* tc ;kstd izR;; osQ :i esa iz;qDr gks rks mls laKk osQ lkFk feykdj fy[kk tk,_ tSlsµ Hkkywokyk] lC”khokyh] xk¡ookysA

 inca/ esa tc fo'ks"k.k osQ :i esa dke dj jgs 'kCn lewg esa ^okyk*] ^okyh* ;k ^okys* vk, rks mls vyx djosQ fy[kk
tk,_ tSlsµ xk¡o okyk ckx] dksus okyh xyh] 'kgj okys edkuA
 tc ^;* fdlh 'kCn osQ var dk ewy o.kZ gks rks ^;s* dks ^,* ;k ^;h* dks ^b* u cuk;k tk,_ tSlsµHksfM+;k&HksfM+;s (u fd
^HksfM+,*)] vO;;&vO;;h (u fd ^vO;bZ*)A

 tc fdlh 'kCn esa ^;* dk iz;ksx O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls gqvk gks rks ^;s* dks ^,* ;k ^;h* dks ^bZ* osQ :i esa cnydj fy[kk
tk,_ tSlsµ [kk;k&[kk,&[kkbZ] xk;k&xk,&xkbZ] u;k&u,&ubZA
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 ^OkQ* ^[+k* vkSj ^Xk* dk izpyu fganh esa izk;% yqIr gks x;k gSA mnwZ] vjch] IkQkjlh ;k vaxzs”kh ls vk, ^”k* vkSj ^IkQ* osQ
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mPpkj.k okys 'kCnksa esa uqDrk vo'; yxk;k tk,_ tSlsµ eqÝ r] dkx”k] ”ksczkA
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