Page 80 - English Grammar - IX-X

9. There are ____________________ (four/five) phases of the disaster management cycle.

10. Find a word from the passage which means ‘probability’. (para 2)
11. Recovery efforts continue till normalcy has been established. (True/False)
12. ________________ (Evacuation/Mitigation) is another word for ‘alleviation’ or ‘easing’.

Answers: 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b)
8. (a) 9. four 10. likelihood 11. True 12. Mitigation

VII. Read the following passage carefully.

AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA
AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA
(1) The Health Effects Institute has listed air pollution as one of the top five global risk
factors for mortality. The primary causes of air pollution emissions and poor air quality
are increasing urbanisation, growing industrialisation, and associated human activities.

(2) By 2030, it is predicted that roughly half of the world’s population will be living in
cities. Alarmingly, more than 80% of the population in metropolitan areas is exposed
to emissions that exceed the World Health Organisation’s limits (WHO 2016).

(3) In India, air pollution was estimated to have caused approximately 10.1 lakh premature
deaths in 2017 (HEI 2019), with 56 per cent of those deaths linked to exposure to
outdoor PM2.5 concentrations and 44 per cent to domestic air pollution. According to
WHO (2016), air pollution was responsible for one out of every nine deaths in 2012,
with roughly 30 lakh deaths entirely attributable to outdoor air pollution.
(4) In India, the rising patterns in population growth and the resulting effects on air quality
are discernible. The megacities of Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata, for example, have a
combined population of more than 4.6 crore people. India’s air quality has deteriorated
as a result of huge industrial expansion, population density, anthropogenic activities,
and greater usage of automobiles. The amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) and other
emissions produced by anthropogenic activity have increased dramatically during the
last several decades.
(5) In a city, one of the most significant sources of air pollution is vehicle traffic emissions.
In Delhi (37%), Mumbai (30%), and Kolkata (25%), road dust is a significant contributor
to PM emissions (61%). In Bengaluru (41%), Chennai (34%), Surat (42%), and Indore
(47%), road transportation is the leading source of PM2.5 emissions (Nagpure, Gurjar,
Kumar, et al. 2016). Near-complete lack of exhaust measures in cars, and low fuel
quality are all important contributors to India’s high traffic emissions.
(6) India is facing serious issues of poor air quality in many urban areas. Apart from the
much discussed megacities like Delhi, various reports suggest that several medium-
scale cities are equally bearing the brunt of filthy air. The ill-effects could impact human
health in a negative way, also affecting the biodiversity, other life forms, heritage,
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